The war in Ukraine has reverberated across the Western Balkans in ways that reflect the region’s own political dynamics more than the influence of any external actor, including Russia. In Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, media coverage and public narratives surrounding the conflict have been shaped primarily by domestic political realities, local media structures, and long-standing identity divides.

In the past decade, European countries have witnessed a rise in anti-establishment extremism (AEE), which challenges the modern democratic order and offers authoritarian modes of governance as a “solution” to consecutive, overlapping crises.

Anti-systemic extremism (ASE) in Serbia has expanded amid prolonged political crises, institutional distrust, and disillusionment with the European integration. Like elsewhere in Europe, ASE thrives in periods of societal instability that expose weaknesses in democratic governance. In Serbia, authoritarian tendencies, media control, and pervasive conspiracy narratives have further fueled skepticism toward institutions and “global elites.”

The Belgrade Centre for Security Policy (BCSP) recently received an official notification from the Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center regarding a cybersecurity incident affecting our systems.

At the panel discussion “Freedoms Under Pressure: Civil Society and Digital Oversight in Serbia and Abroad”, organised by the Belgrade Centre for Security Policy (BCSP) on 31 October in Belgrade, speakers warned that digital surveillance and spyware use are rapidly becoming tools of political control in Serbia and across Europe, posing severe risks to human rights and democracy.

The contemporary information environment has redefined the ecosystem of extremist groups, shifting them significantly towards online engagement.

Anti-establishment extremism (AEE) is increasingly attracting the attention of both the public and experts in terrorism and extremism.

Ecological degradation and climate change in recent decades have raised citizens’ concerns and led to the formation of many environmental protection movements. However, alongside legitimate activism, radical and extremist groups have also emerged, employing violent methods to draw attention to their aims.

The point of departure for this analysis was the idea that spyware by its nature is indiscriminate, comprehensive and covert surveillance tool, structurally incompatible with the principles of necessity, proportionality and targeted data processing.